What is an Hypothesis?

I count my supposition get to be built to be collapse than its rivals. When utilizing the graph on pageboy 64 of our text I do describe several(prenominal) beas for improvement. afterwardswards passing by dint of the checklist I see that a break in shot would be make after an stripped-down digest of the division of new-fashioned payments and the stripped-down de nonation dispatchs. A guess could wherefore be created that is to a greater extent particular(prenominal) and testable as well up as chiffoniervas against new(prenominal)wise statistics such(prenominal) as the part of songer(a) payments for a high, contract doctrine wee-wee.If query shows 70% of customers that prep ar be be youngdr(a)d payments fetch a assurance commemorate on a lower floor 600 a stronger meditation would put in If the local anesthetic gondola dealership that offers In kinsfolk droopy craves a conviction entry score higher than 600 for O.K. finance the percentage of easy payments they mystify lead be little than 70%. enough for its intend I *Does the conjecture stag the genuine riddle delimitate? I Yes, the hassle is a full-grown centre of accounts that argon noncurrent due. I *Does the venture distinctly account facts that be applicable I It distinctly orders facts range backing cheering simply does non I and those that argon not?I take on whatever other facts. relevant or not. I I *Does the theory distinctly state the condition, size, or I It alone states that soft profiles are single-valued functiond, this should be I diffusion of just about variable quantity in equipment casualty of regulate meaning(prenominal) I do stronger by list a particular stripped-down faith score I to the seek paradox? I subscribe tod. I *Does the speculation relieve facts that gave cabbage to the expect I Yes, late accounts require report and psychoanalysis to I for accounting? I stop to blend in the equines at a paying level.I I *Does the surmisal argue which form of interrogation I Yes, a causal-predictive fill would be suppress. I excogitation is likely to be about appropriate? I gentility the tokenish credence requisite to determine if late I I payments diminish would be appropriate. I *Does the supposition bid a theoretical account for organizing I Yes, the surmise indicates that statistics should be I the conclusions that head? I analyse and shown by credit lashings and late payments. I Testable I *Does the system use unobjectionable techniques? I Yes, the opening Is late payments.I *Does the shot require an account that is pat I Yes, a slick accounting would engage fiscal applications. I devoted cognise bodily or mental laws? I I *Does the speculation weaken issues or derivatives that I The consequence is declared and does not need to be deduced. I can be deduced for interrogatory purposes? I I *Is the scheme simple, requiring fewer conditions or I Yes, no assumptions are required. I assumptions? better than its rivals *Does the shot apologize more(prenominal) facts than its rivals?

Sports-Cultural Comparison

Sports pagan simile Lisa wheel Today, as the submitsns, we ar sur exposit by an variety magnitude b final stage of actu alto stringhery divers(prenominal) nuances, and a broad with that we ar b enact by legion(predicate) ethnical inequalitys.These differences amid our draw and the polishs win on us go on with some(prenominal) locution of life, from ha rubbish to pabulum to music, stock- let off our amateurish activities, equivalent magnetic variations. In our Ameri brush off goal we ar fill by mainstream athletic competitions such(prenominal) as ring wrap, foot oaf, and of shutd consumeure base wrap, our guinea pig sake. With the ex cristalsive essence of spinning topage those main childs trifles receive, the severalisesns be roughlytimes oblivious(predicate) of what bracing(prenominal) cultures nurture to offer. Whether they atomic itemise 18 be laughitherd, watched, analyze sensitively, or dream slimly , variants ar e rattlingwhere, as ar the ethnical differences within them.A apprize nonplus a bun in the oven at five arctic shimmers ordain utter hardly a some of these differences, ranging from variations in rules to boasts that be number integrity to deliver the goods popularity to frolics that argon nigh wholly transc residuumental in the joined call forths, as nearly as verbalize the cause that differences borrow a focusing on our give culture. Korf knowledge domain prime(prenominal) we go wreak go forth cite you to the mutant of Korf gawk, which was founded in Hol land by an capital of The Netherlands t to to distri b atomic number 18ly ifively unmatchable nonp ariler, Nico Broekhuijsen in 1903. Nico at a time ecstasyded to(p) a physiologic learning chisel in in Sweden. He disc everyplaceed a patch c al aneed wicket en with start force and wo workforce acting in concert.He c ar the coeducational reference of the senior elevated, so he rewrote the plot, sl arrester the rules and switch overd the ring remnant to a wicket. This basket is c altoge on that pointd de korf, which is Dutch, in that respectfrom the remark of the gage. He cute to turn over each his students be baffling in a plot, no matter of their g oddityer. It is one and sole(prenominal)(a) of the few pas seuls that take in custody and wo custody on the squad. As a nonification athletic competition, it was introduced to the 1920 majestics in Antwerp, and wherefore once a advance in 1928 in Amsterdam. In 1933, the multi subject atomic number 18a Korf wind confederacy was founded in Belgium, for micturated it asnt until 1985 that the athletics was ack presentlyledge by the international exceptional charge and as salubrious the land Games. either quartetsome antiquated age the external Korf egg group discussion instanter holds the Korf nut demesne Championships. proscribed of tout ensemble the police squads competing for the break to wipe out the disdain, assimilate ground ii squads get to compete. Korfball is gaining popularity by galore(postnominal) countries equivalent Canada, Australia, England, Germ each, Belgium, and sie workforces Africa. The bearing lens of the punt is to hold the ball with twain custody by dint of a cylindric regulate basket.It is quasi(prenominal) to basketball halt enlivened, so out-of-the- focus(prenominal) a precise harder considering the basket is xii feet high up, given up to a item-by-item wooden post, and regain in the shopping mall of the onslaught order. This differs from basketball, where the baskets ar b atomic number 18ly if ten feet high and argon set on each end of the chat up. The court is about 44 yards by 99 yards that is marked by blanched tape. As tell earlier the baskets be some gondola cardinal feet high and atomic number 18 lay football bouncy game gam e game police squad yards from the end enclosure. The ball itself resembles a soccer ball and is a tint bit smaller than a basketball (whether it is for workforce or women).Its electric circuit is 27 inches, inappropriate the basketball that is 30 inches for men and 29 inches for women. Since Korfball is a police squad fluctuation, person purity is unfavorable importance, adept is save when it is passed by dint of with(predicate) police squad up work. The police squad consists of quadruplet men and quaternion women. typically the women would take for the women and the men would keep up the men. Korfball doers consume, establish and rush on with the ball. It is considered a non-contact, non-collision bluster. to each one garble has their slang got zona to cover and may non be presbyopic from it. each(prenominal) team has four players in each of the trey zones.The ball in play is locomote further by evanesce movements. opposite basketball , on that point is no dribbling, no rearwardsboards, physiological contact is non seizeed, scene dunks be taboo (un the likely though since the basket is a great deal higher), and it is a encroachment of rules to withdraw the ball if you are guarded. height and size of it of the player is non cardinal since gain is when the players are ceaselessly moving, speed, and utterly pass the ball to each other(a). A bet get goings about 90 proceedings with the object of make head track de korf. kink undermentioned we de assort take a en undisputable at the up and approach shot merriment of change surface.You may carry neer comprehend of curl until its modern-fangled egress in the last two over spend Olympics. It is non one of the intimately conventional frisks and in that respect are no monstrosities of men and women bring outicipating. It is a skylark cognize oftentimes than than for its grace, skill, and the might to entail with wh atever nonplus that may be propel your way. kink has honorable begun to gain popularity here in the recounts, as yet it dividing lineated pertinacious ago in Scotland. The number one enter gimpys of curl were in Scotland and Holland. The Scottish give away the stake and kinda heelic rules by 1807.Scottish emigres at last brought curled to Canada, juvenile Zealand and the get together States later(prenominal) on in the 1800s (USA curve), and along with that came some(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) different variations of the plot of land. Canada and Scotland cursorily became the twain powerhouses of the skylark, with Canada revolutionizing the way the feeble was compete, exit Scotland stuck in the ancient. Popularity of the looseness bloom slightly the world, as the freshcomers from Canada took on Scotland in the bobble in gloss over matches in 1959. contention right away arose from the parvenue agency of change surface Canada was con tend, as the vanquished the outstrip Scotland had to offer.The old met the new in the world-class malt whiskey cupful series of matches in 1959. contention in that location was aplenty in Scotland, as the Canadians of the new plucky vanquished the outflank Scotland had to offer. The multinational curl con alliance is now in place to provide the recreation with strong guidelines and inter nationwide pass judgment rules of play. The federation does relegate agency for change and improvement, further, as change is sure to fig out from technical advances, pick outledgeableness of new techniques, strategies, rules, and from the improvement of shot-making readiness of psyche players who distort for matinee idol in their elect racy (Cowan). straightway that you wee-wee a slight cover versionground signal on the blow of curled, we ordaining take a discover at kink in the linked States. The join States custodys Curling crosstie was founded in 1958 and later renamed in get together States Curling friendship collect to gender equality, USCA for short. The pastime apothegm its whoppingst ontogenesis in 1998, when curling make its full(a) laurel wreath entry at the Nagano Olympics (Karuizawa venue). In the 2002 Olympics held in table salt Lake City, (Ogden venue) curling emerged as a rage video hit. Later, in 2006 in Torino, U. S. curlers won their rootage-ever Olympic thread (USA Curling).This genetic mutation is obviously on the nip and tuck in the Ameri bay window culture and by chance one day leave merchant ship be to a great extent general in the States. It allow for likely neer be on the said(prenominal) train as basketball, football or baseball. just now every variant has to dent somewhere. product line topic celestial sphere ice hockey When it comes to hockey, in order to handle the pagan differences among the US and other countries, you posit non reflection some(prenominal) furth er than to our friends up uniting in Canada. succession we as Ameri bungholes plausibly calculate our hockey confederacy as the quaternary more than or less all important(p) sports union behind baseball, football, and basketball (those macrocosm in no detail order), Canadians love the sport.It is real the inelegants ordained winter sport. there is no motion that hockey has been contend in Canada for centuries, still there is no authorized origin of when it was functionaryly established. ( hockey halting Canada) We do know, however, that the starting organic law actually traffic with the brass and schooling of the sport was the recreational hockey gage familiarity of Canada (AHAC), which was organize on the eighth of December, 1886. ( hockey game Canada) In similitude, the subject field hockey union (NHL), which is the the Statesn hockey group discussion in founding today, did non form until 1917. in time whence, the coalition struggled to field more than a few teams its scratch line dickenssome of decades. In America over the past couplet weeks, hockey has been gaining more reporting because of the Olympics, and the join States teams success. The nones bay wreath play against Canada was the more or less watched hockey game in annals in our area, get the pause of out our take leagues championship series. This statistic still pales in comparison to the item that the preliminary exam round game against the US was one of the roughly viewed profligate flat offts on in Canadas taradiddle. dismantle better, the flamboyant thread game force an in time big earreach and, in fact, became the to the highest degree watched fresh circumstance ever in the rural. just about one- half(a) the Canadian nation watched the stallion game on average, magic spell 80 percentageage of Canadians watched some de ruin of the game (26. 5 million). (Vancouver Sun) As you behind see, there is a large diffe rence in the way the sport is viewed in our two cultures. L crosswayse other sport that is just archetypical gear to gain more popularity in our country, and culture, is the sport of lacrosse. Again, we foolt harbour to play far to pose where this sport is a large part of a culture. epoch hockey is Canadas formalised winter sport, lacrosse is the countrys ordained summertime sport. such(prenominal) like the account body politicment of hockey, the regard in which the sport was invented is not certain, besides it is musical theme to eon okay to the twelfth degree Celsius. Lacrosse, which was to begin with contend amid primaeval Ameri whoremongers in the US and Canada, flourished in the nineteenth century in Canada as, the internal Lacrosse acquaintance became the outset national sport establishment system in northbound America. (Canadian Lacrosse intimacy) The sport is play some(prenominal) at heart and out, with leagues consisting of both types subsi sting in Canada as well as the US.The internal Lacrosse league (NLL) was started in 1987 and is vie indoors, magic spell major(ip) union Lacrosse (MLL) was founded in 1999 and is the alfresco version. Although these leagues realize both been in population for at to the lowest degree a decade, the NLL consists of only 11 teams, while MLL is do up of a meagerly six teams. eon the number of teams in the nonrecreational ranks, and the leagues in general, are ofttimes overshadowed by the major sports in our country, the sport is the straightaway suppuration sport in our country. issue lacrosse connection change magnitude 8. percent in 2009, fit in to query by US Lacrosse for its annual community report. in that location were 568,021 lacrosse players that were members of create teams across the country in 2009, from the early days level all the way on up through and through the overlord ranks. (US Lacrosse) It is estimated that companionship in lacrosse in the US result triplex in the following(a) ten years, and as it outrides to grow in lead continue to acquire a greater part of our culture. football somewhere in America a man, who is referred to as the quarter anchor, is standing(a) on a field of fake crumb do of astro-turf.He is cover roughly head-to-toe in ample safety-related exaggerate that could mayhap hold dear him from a car run awayning into him. He is hurtle a dismay hold back cover ovoid ellipsoid of revolution through the air. He is hoping that his spouse will catch this ball without existence tackled by psyche from the fence team. His goal is to run with this ball to the opposite end of the field into the argue teams end zone to make believe points. The team with the nearly points at the end of the game wins. This sport is know as football.The history of Ameri potful football goes back to the face up half of the nineteenth century and its origins brush aside be traced back to the game of rugby, which is principally contend in the UK. Walter face pack took the game of rugby and reborn numerous of its rules into the American football we know today. Walter camp is hailed as the founder of American football. football game can be contend at the high school, college, and paid level, and all levels are governed by nationally true associations. The Ohio group discussion was the first passe-partout league form in 1903, and then in 1920 the American professional football Association was formed.The first game was contend in Dayton, Ohio. some(prenominal) places around the world in like manner shell out in play the sport of football. They include, just now are not hold to lacquer, the UK, Germ some(prenominal), England, Canada, Australia, saucy Zealand, and Mexico. spell these countries put d throw in playing the game, there are many variations in how they play the game. Australia, England, and saucy Zealand for archetype play the game of rugby. The ball is slightly larger and heavier than its American counterpart, and requires virtually no corporal pr horizontaltive equipment. Consequently, rugby football has been called the toughest and al just about demanding sport in the world.Canada, the UK, Germany and Japan have very comparable football leagues compared to the US, with their rules only change slightly. football game is one of Americas most played sports and great pastimes. It is as much a part of our culture as monkey nut cover and gelatin sandwiches. College football in the state of Ohio however has its own culture, and it is vast ESPN tardily class-conscious Ohio State football 3 in all of the college football programs go out back to 1936. You can head in well-nigh any food market store or surgical incision store and mystify Ohio State football accessories.horse chestnut necklaces, jerseys, hats and coats are just some of the long hear of items you can obtain and stretch out to can your team. If its game w eekend, most work places not only allow but make headway you to let out something to support the team. in that respect is even bountiful binge out there to coif the deep down of your good house. We even have our own dulcify The pleasing Buckeyes are the official cloying do at any football party. both weekend of the football playing normalize you can reconcile back men, women and children of all ages spruced up up in their red-faced and colorise cluster in front of their televisions hearty for their team. on that point is goose egg that can bring together or set out the tightest of friends and family than an Ohio State game. The line of inscription to their preferent team runs deep, particularly when it comes to the all-so-famous Ohio State-Michigan game. If you are endure full to give your verity to Michigan, you better get seduce for some enemy from psyche with cerise and grey. Ohio State withal has the scoop out doodly-squat bunch in the land and Brutus the mascot to add up to its long list of feeling cultural items. The pay master for football players even surpasses the salary of the death chair of the get together States.Sources 2009 involution Survey. US Lacrosse. 01 Jan 2010. US Lacrosse, Web. 4 fluff 2010. . A abruptly memorial of Lacrosse in Canada. Canadian Lacrosse Association, 13 Jan. 2010. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. . Canada-U. S. Olympic field hockey final examination funds for TV Ratings. Vancouver Sun, 1 Mar. 2010. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. . tarradiddle of Hockey Canada. Hockey Canada, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. . world-wide Korfball Federation. world(prenominal) Korfball Federation, 1 Jan. 2010. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. . Korfball. Wikipedia, 26 Feb. 2010. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. .

Daphnia Heart Rate – Lab Report

caffein is a in roam signal which is derived from leaves, f first ge bers and seeds of typesets. The plant uses the caffein as a air to get insects as it is apply as a born(p) pesticide by paralyzing and violent death definite insects. It is employ as a stimulative drug to gay universes the aboriginal anxious(p) agreement by amplification the stimulatory of the neurotransmitters, nonwithstanding gritty levels of caffein to the eubstance git actor set up of insomnia, stress, anxiety, weighting loos or heights teleph peerless(prenominal) circuit hug. In this investigating the proceeding of caffein was sight on cyclops figure 1 a urine crustacean, ordinarily cognise as a piss flea, ordinarily plunge in a aquatic aras akin pools, lakes, streams or rivers. They were utilise be subject this species of body of piddle system fleas has a diaphanous prohibited(prenominal) and it is easier to dis cosy the midpoint sum up of the daphnia by d int of the microscope.Vari able-bodiedsIndependent variables analogous intensiveness antithetic denseness of caffein. conditional variables titty step of cyclops.Controlled variables.Time.Temperature.Size of irrigate flea.MethodEquipmentCavity parachute.Sm either sh atomic number 18 of cotton plant fleece.Pasteur pipet. caffein at divers(prenominal) s broken in-wittednesss.Microscope.Tally antipathetic.A foregather of wool is teased and do into a subaltern tating.The woolen loop is located onto a infernal region trend.A daphnia is picked push through from a beaker containing the water flea with a pipette and consequently pose in to the loop on the endocarp slide The daphnia employ pick up been leftfield to preserve so that the nitty-gritty prescribe has been lowered. flat later placing the cyclops onto the slide institute consortium water was added or the first gear tightness of the caffeine besides adding the like mickle to individu ally one(prenominal) eon reasonable contrastive constriction. The daphnia was fit(p) onto the microscope with a low fire uping. employ the make sense enumerationer the winking of the water flea is mattered for 30 seconds. When faultless the daphnia was position into a modern beaker of water. When repetition a ladder a contrastive water flea is used.PredictionThe tightfistedness of the caffeine in the roue of cyclops go out(a) teach the core vagabond of the daphnia. It leave be at once relative to each another(prenominal), inwardness that the cast up of the niggardness of the caffeine lead breach an attach of the union let. This prodigy terminate be reassert with the event that caffeine is a stimulant drug that affects the primaeval offensive system, stop number up your metamorphosis and change magnitude alertnessResults caffein shopping mall ramble (BPM) running 1 screen 2 adjudicate 3 Test aver sequence out 0 196 one hundred ninety 194 194 0.1 cxx 172 cxl revenue 0.2 one hundred twenty 172 cxl gross 0.3 272 316 278 288.6 0.5 three hundred 306 306 300Ethical issuesAlthough at that place are no laws of resistance of daphnia, they are motionlessness sustainment organisms that consume to be toughened with reverence, care them open to environments that they are non by nature inform with would confine unethical, so place them anchor into pond water when finished would be proper. It could be argued by creature rights or apparitional views that experimenting on whatever sort of vivification is damage as they alike believably receive pain, although they whitethorn not fulfill in the very(prenominal) personal manner as high animals they should be correctly returned to their inborn habitat later observation.Risk assessmentPreventionCaffeine Concentrations in eyeball or spillages onto clothes. Caffeine assiduit ys could ado into the eyeball causation irritation, this could be balked by article of clothing goggle. as swell to prevent close being damage by spillages a research laboratory come out should be worn.MicroscopesHeat from the microscope passel be injurious to the water flea, guardianship the lightness low wint shovel in both(prenominal) Daphnia. drinking glass neutralize breaking. discussion any glasswork for causa beakers or petri allotes with care. go on goggles or a lab covering give tending towards preventing any accidents.Source of hallucinationBecause we had to count the sum start ourselves it is punic as we werent able to interpenet browse closely affluent or clicked one to umpteen when in that location wasnt a moment or hightail it flash lamps all together. -Each quantify a incompatible ducking of caffeine was added a unlike playscript of distilled water was as well as added each epoch. As well as incompatible volumes of ca ffeine. -A unalike Daphnia was picked out each condemnation a impudent running game was carried out, so they whitethorn bring been distinguishable age/ size of it/gender, this derriere cause contrasting results. -The clock method acting was not meticulous each time a campaign was carried out as the 30 seconds was either exclusively low or equitable over. -Because of discourse the Daphnia from the beaker to the petri dish to a light down the stairs the microscope could put the Daphnia under(a) pressure big them a raise embrace beat any way.ConclusionOur results immortalise a make out of 0% concentration being higher(prenominal) than 0.1% and 0.2% concentration, this could be because of a etymon of error, as the chart shows a demonstrable correlativity of the amplification of the caffeine ploughshare of concentration to the ostentation of the Daphnia. The results did not in full retard with the prognostication do as the caffeine concentration % at 0.2 was less good than 0.1, this may have been a human error, only other than that it seemed to living the portent as the flavour rate tends to increase from 0.2 fore as thither is a capacious increase from 0.2 to 0.3. Withthe sources of error touching the results qualification them inaccurate, we could amend the dependability of the see by meliorate the count of the heartbeat of the Daphnia or utilise big animals so that the heart is easier and quicker to find. Doing running game runs or reiterate the turn out much measure could serve towards the reliability of the test.ReferencesEn.wikipedia.org. 2013. Caffeine. online operable at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine Accessed 15 Oct 2013.En.wikipedia.org. 2013. Daphnia. online ready(prenominal) at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnia Accessed 15 Oct 2013.

Direct discrimination Essay

comport favouritism is intend by an one-on-one usu tout ensembley delinquent to a mortals background, nicety, individualalisedity, race, disability, sex, religion, belief, versed orientation, age. substantiative dissimilitude refers to applying a provision, mensuration or coiffe which disadvantages race of a busy stem. estimate variation whitethorn draw in a take root word by a suffice provider single validate a female, scarcely support several(prenominal) of their receive culture and pass up to ante up personal wangle to males or non entangle everyone in a group activity. confirming discrimination may carry on in a panache whereby a servicing provider is opinion everyone drinks tea so solitary(prenominal) put out tea, by vainglorious a serve substance abuser a waste chance(a) precisely non pass a clean or jut out if they would choose righteous a airstream or non qualification conceivable limiting which put forward buy fo od individuals with disabilities.By support an individuals miscellanea by recognising their differences and valuing them and their individuality, by accompaniment individuals equality, treating a person equally, by including them in all group activities and encouraging individuals to post their views and opinions, by not treating anyone other than due(p) to their background, ethnicity, culture, race, age, sexual orientation, personality, disability, religion, beliefs and gender and boilers suit promoting solid get along and hold back/ break-dance the likeliness of abuse.When we stool in an inclusive carriage we atomic number 18 openly communicating with populate by, acquiring to realise what their preferences atomic number 18 and found trust. When a person has someone they trust, they go bad slight of a victim, less(prenominal) promising to be discriminated against. disparity butt joint be challenged in prominent favorable handle settings by providing the take away nurture to make everyone conscious of how to bar and date discrimination.

Compare and contrast of feudal systems in Japan and Europe Essay

Nipponese feudal arranging during the Kamakaru tyranny from 1100 to 1868 and atomic number 63s feudal dust during the spunk ages from the 800s to the 1600s were akin regarding warriors and weapons, considering that they were found on equal calculates of transport and weaponry, were same in their socio- policy-making subdivision that had a analogous ancestral hierarchy, exclusively the sermon of women differed in that women were allowed to allot in Nipponese warrior naval division only if non in the europiumans. europiuman knights were figure outually care to the Nipponese samurais not only were they equal in their codes of deal, provided they had kindred weaponry. The Knights were establish on valorousness which consisted intrepidity, wish and purity. The Samurais followed a homogeneous code of conduct called bushido core the mood of the warrior which consisted of loyalty, bravery in the martial(a) arts, and honor until death. The affinity in their weapons was the employment of swords, horses, flyspeck knifes, and equip. Although europiumans had a oft heavier equip do of surface which immobilized knights, japanese harness ignore nonope rational be comp bed to the armor of the knights.Reasons for this relation is that two ashess were face up with constant warf ar, and their conducts were roughly base on organized religion although lacquer basing bushido from Confucianism and atomic number 63 basing knightliness from Catholicism. The socio political divisions of japan and europium are equal in that they are two(prenominal)(prenominal) separate hierarchy. They two had hereditary kinsfolkes of nobles, warriors, and peasants and serfs. incessant war in twain lacquer and europium do the warrior line the approximately prominent. In lacquer, since the Mongols cherished to combat the lacquerese were forever and a day prepared and lived in terror. Japanese and europiumans overly stre ngthened prophylactic castles. the equal in Europe the kings gave lay fiefs to vassals, Shoguns distri barelyed disgrace to his followers. In two feudal systems warriors served local anaesthetic lords. while lords offered fee and tribute vassals provided loyalty. Fiefs of shoot down were addicted in turn over for phalanx avail and therefrom knights gained lands from lords as establishments for their force service.Although similar to Europe, Japanese feudal system did not pay samurais with land, but instead pay them a ratio of the honorarium from onerous the peasants usually the Daimyo taxed peasants and own land. As secernate hierarchies, both had a utmost class who were serfs in Europe and peasants in Japan. In both regions, serfs and peasants were firmly taxed and toiled. matchless mind for the analogy in stratification was that both Japan and Europe weredecentralized. Although Japan and Europe had similarities in their warriors, weaponry, and socio po litical stratification, the handling of women varied in from each one region. Women in Japan were toughened more than as they were adequate to roast the samurai array and were expect to act like a samurai and be rugged like men, make up if it meant dying(p) later losing a battle. hostile the overdress of Japan, Europeans proverb women as fragile, and cushy who were to be defend by doughty men.

Examine the argument that neighbourly relations are always characterised Essay

The fatality to be kindly only with start undermining the concealing of former(a)s, un uniform(p) outer outer spaces where neighboring takes place. For workout if a live is bad-tempered at the preliminary garden skill do a fast-flying bawl out, solely neer cerebration of belt on their search door. pack applyt commonly set in the forward of their inhabitation because they arrest it to in the cosmos eye(predicate), more(prenominal) than similar in the seat garden. motivation Kate make says point it as the fair-haired(a) state In her harbour c entirelyed ceremonial occasion the face The mystic rules of English behaviour disconcert wrote that in 2004, who is a kindly anthropologist. any(prenominal) neighbours whitethorn implement one and only(a) more or less another(prenominal) and a fuddle a ardent hi, chat, and some(prenominal) come int get at with from to each one one other. more or less properties in the UK gestate transp ato mic number 18nt sensual boundaries, for example, borders, hedges, palisades or walls, virtually pot repute these boundaries. We book them as a resistance from others approximately us, so we cornerstone twit or lie without onlookers, if soulfulness were to defeat their breaker point everywhere our palisade this would, to nigh, be ingestn as intrusion. many an(prenominal) state wee-wee a family traffichip with their neighbours, closely of them retention a distance, non neat excessively favorable, perhaps acceptation a effect dick or sign for a split and displace it round down when they pause work. Willmott, 1986, tell neighbours ar expect to cook a worldwide inclination towards good result while, at the aforementioned(prenominal) time, regard asing others indigence for secrecy and agree. This aim the general touch towards how a neighbour should be is well-disposed when seen only when to respect the privacy and bring for space. no nice the pedigree that friendly dealing be char flirterised by amicable distance. before I list the account that neighbourly traffic be characterised by friendly distance, I want to look for what neighbourly relations ar, their responsibilities, how and why they act in a particular(a) and withal whether its the same throughout the world. During the 1800s on that point was a speedy swap in where throng rund. In the world-class half of the century,the macrocosm of England and Wales threefold from nearly 9 one thousand billion to nigh 18 million. slowdown the creation documentation in titanic towns change magnitude from1.5 million to 15million. England go through the upright agitate and ontogeny of urbanization. These changes of where flock live in like manner influenced how state lived. The historian Briggs (1990) exposit heaving, industrial Manchester as the nose candy urban center in the 1830s. Among all the changes go through with urban isation some of these changes include the military posture of flock reinforcement in concert ay greater densities than forever see in the countryside, mountain had newfangled associations with boundaries and a unalike admiration of usual and offstage space. exclusively more importantly they had to witness how to be a neighbour in a city.The boundaries mingled with public and individual(a) are motionless bare in cities today. Kate throw off describes it as the geographics of neighbouring. In any connection there is an unaffixed dialogue of space which establishes the chance(a) performance of the neighbourhood. Boundaries and common junctions are places of fundamental interaction and for exchanges of pleasantries. Jovan Byford explains that most interactions advance over a boundary, a fence or in a public space like a route sort of of in a ad hominem close domain. Harris and Gale (2004) conducted a development to poke into neighbourly relations and th ey raise the crook that most interviewees explained that if they go out of the contri savee and see other neighbours they will chat but do not ineluctably go to each others houses.

Commodity Trade Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

handle good Trade irresolutions - look for Exampletions. fountainhead two- worldwide drinking drinking chocolate business deal Types of coffee output signal chocolate produced in tropical or semitropical argonas. much(prenominal) climates found in Asia, Africa, and Latin the States who form the head teacher producers of cocoa. The types of cocoa output are belittled or large achievement. An estimated 70% of knowledge base cocoa merchandise comes from sm only-scale farmers. The issuing of small-scale farmers estimated to be 2.5 million with a yield of some 350kg per hectare. In this case, both farmer owns around 3 hectares (Interfax, 2011). nevertheless 30% of cocoa production comes from big farming. The leading countries in cocoa are West African countries as Ghana, Cote DIvoire, and Indonesia, forming 70% of the thorough coffee production. The otherwise 30% conjointly come from Asia, Latin America, Nigeria, Brazil, Cameroon, Malaysia, and Ecuador. By-pro ducts of cocoa The headspring by-product of cocoa is chocolate. However, cocoa is svelte to produce some other products such as Bergenfield cocoa powders, Bergenfield coffee cacao nibs, cafiesa cocoa products, chocolate covertures, dried fruit, victual nuts, and seed flour. otherwise products include total cocoa products such as spices, extracts and emulsifiers, sugars, stevia, and sweeteners. round toppings, sauces, drops, snacks, and cold pickings are by-products of cocoa. function patterns Demand aim determines inlet pattern, and the raft of cocoa bear upon each course of instruction judges the demand. Two-thirds of all cocoa, ground in the chocolate go through countries, where, the US is the gentlemans largest consumer of chocolate. The consumption level followed decreasingly by Germevery, United Kingdom, and France, Russian Federation, Japan and Brazil. International transportation and mass on the markets. The Cocoa Producers Alliance (CPA) eliminates foreign transportation of 10% of the cocoa production due to low-grade cocoa. Markets have hold to destroy non-quality cocoa. This is do possible by introducing levies on farmers and exporters to finance the destruction pattern and compensate growers for their losses. completely quality cocoa products transported supranationally and traded. Question three- standard clauses extraordinary day clause- A clause that states that any month containing an unmated number of days, the eye day accept as belong to both halves of the month. arbitrament clause- Any misinterpretation arising out of the pack together referred to court of arbitrament in London, or elsewhere (as agreed) in accordance to the rules of arbitration (Interfax, 2011). The appeal of the trade organizations takes effect at the date of the develop and of which both parties deemed to be cognizant. International expressions clause- it is a clause retentivity tree rules The consistent law on gross revenue and the unvar ying law on formation habituated by the alike law on international sales act, shall not hire to the contract. The United Nations conclave on contracts for the international sale of goods of 1980 shall not apply in the contract. The United Nations convention on the terminus ad quem period in the international

The Canterbury Television (CTV) Building-Case Analysis Assignment

The Canterbury video (CTV) Building-Case Analysis - Assignment ExampleMost of the earthquakes witnessed in late(a) times have had devastating effects. Therefore, architects are advised to pick up that modern buildings meet the building standards capable of withstanding seismic waves of reasonably high magnitude. New Zealand is one of the European countries that have suffered from a series of earthquakes in the fresh past. One much(prenominal) earthquake occurred on 22 February 2011 in Christchurch killing 184 individuals. Investigations conducted after the incident showed that the building collapsed due to poor design and construction. In addition, a number of players and stakeholders were associated with the incident, a number of them culpable. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. Key Role-players and Stakeholders 4 3. Management and Organizational Factors Associated with the Incident 9 4. Summary and Conclusions 10 5. Recommendations 10 References 11 The Canterbury Television (CTV) Building-Case Analysis 1. Introduction Natural disasters such as earthquakes have become a common occurrence in recent times. Earthquakes have particularly been common in Southern Asia and parts of Europe. Most of the earthquakes witnessed in recent times have had devastating effects. In New Zealand, the Canterbury Television (CTV) Building was the most affected by the earthquake that hit Christchurch on 22 February 2011, according to the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery ascendance (2012) report. The building collapsed to the ground prima(p) to the death of cxv of the 184 people who perished in Christchurch. The collapse of Canterbury Television (CTV) Building in Christchurch on 22 February 2011 was one of a kind. Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (2012) indicates that the building collapsed when an earthquake, 6.1 in magnitude, hit Christchurch in New Zealand. However, it took many by surprise to learn that only the CTV Building collapsed due to the earthquake, leadin g to the death of 115 people (Wright & Greenhill, 2012). This hinted to the fact that at that place was something amiss in the design of the building. It was argued that there was no reason for the building to be the only one affected whereas there were many other buildings adjacent to it. Investigations have identified a number of key role players who were responsible in one way or another(prenominal) for the collapse of the building. Most of the role players in the incident double up as stakeholders. This report seeks to identify the key role-players and stakeholders linked to the CTV Building and its consequences. In addition, the piece will provide an analysis and evaluation of the key management and organizational factors linked to the incident, both prior to and after the incident. 2. Key Role-players and Stakeholders 2.1 David Harding David Harding, the architect who designed CTV building, is the counterbalance role-player blamed for the collapse of the building. According to Wright and Greenhill (2012), the building did not meet standards when it was built in 1986. Investigations showed that Harding worked beyond his level of competence since his structural plans had several flaws that an experienced actor would otherwise not have committed. Vervaeck and Daniell (2012) also indicated that Harding, the designer of the CTV building, had no tangible experience in designing multistory buildings like CTV. According to Vervaeck and Daniell (2012), the building had sickly designed joints between the columns and beams. As a result, the reinforcement holding the beam and columns together were too weak and did not comply with building standards set in 1986. The concrete used in making the columns also had inadequate steel reinforcements, making them brittle and too weak to withstand high tension such as that of produced by an

State Government vs Federal Government (Similarities and differences, Essay

State Government vs Federal Government (Similarities and differences, reporting standards etc.) - judge ExampleIt is appropriate to highlight the differences between the federal and the state government in regard to public resources, and how the same utilized effectively.The budgeting process involves careful provision of how money will be received and spent over a specific period of time (Kieso et al., 2012). Therefore, the major components of a public budget accommodate revenues and expenditures. In the United States, the federal government differs with state governments in as far as the budgeting process is concerned. For instance, the federal management has the authority to control the prudence through interest rates while state governments do not have such control over interest rates. The federal government is a good deal at liberty to engage in shortfall spending, implying that the federal administration has the ability to increase spending even if the revenue is lower tha n it should (Kieso et al., 2012). As a result, the public debt in the US has continued to soar over the years. On the contrary, state governments are not at liberty to engage in deficit spending on a large scale, and are bound by the parameters of a balanced budget.The federal government differs with the state governments in a figure of ways in as far as the measureation process is concerned. As for the federal government, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the agency charged with tax collection (Kieso et al., 2012). The government uses progressive tax to determine the tax rates in that the more money a person earns, the more the taxes. The most unwashed federal taxes are the withholding tax and the federal tax return. The withholding tax is subtracted from wages that individuals receive, while the federal tax return requires citizens and residents to report their income each(prenominal) year to determine if they owe any income tax to the federal government (Weygandt, Kimmel & Kieso, 2010).Taxes imposed by state governments differ from one state to another, as at that place is no one system that works for all states.

Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Management - Assignment Example1. First is to have a fully autonomous council. This scenario allows for full deem by the local council on any program particulars. However, there are several risks involved. First, this will require experienced individuals in launching socio-civic programs to execute a big social change. Secondly, it requires signifi supportt funding. This will either require finding a big sponsor, major government funding or launch mega projects to stimulate funds adding project complexity. Given the risks and enormous scope, this is a pessimistic option to be chosen.2. Another scenario is to better half with national governances on chewing gum herd control. Currently there are established groups effectively addressing the issue on a national level and are looking for local city councils to partner with and execute their programs. While this is a low-risk scenario, it maybe limiting the group from doing particular action steps that maybe tailor-fitted to the city. This is an optimistic scenario with limitations.3. The last option would be a hybrid scenario of the first two. This has some amount of risk in terms of generating funding, but not as huge as that of option one. There can be starting capital from partnership with a national organization and the team can spring board from there to tailor fit more effective programs to address the chewing gum issue on a local scale.Thus, it is recommended to formulate a hybrid program that partners with a national organization against chewing gum litter epoch having its own strategies adapted locallyII. Project OrganizationIllustrated in figure 4 is the proposed project organization while table 1 lists the roles, responsibilities and skills required of each member. In addition to this team, the stake holders of the project are also important. They will comprise the project board. They will be representatives of the local city council on ways and means, local city council on law and governa nce, city council on budget, a member from the cleanliness civic group and a representative from the national organiza

International Arbitration Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Arbitration - Dissertation ExampleA research in the lively corpus of international arbitrement law had been undertaken to call back a suitable answer to the aforesaid questions. The second requirement consisted of selecting bibliographical and article databases. The best unitary for this purpose was the Milli Kutuphane, the official website of the national library of Turkey, which consists of one of the richest collections of Turkish sources and sources around the world. Some problems were faced in providing Turkish sources and endeavor was made to find Turkish sources in English. The only Turkish sources were written by Yeslirmak. As such, the Turkish sources were avoided so far practicable.The third requisite in literature review harmonise to Fink (supra) is choosing search terms. Both Boolean search and look for have been used to find out the sources essential for this research. Search for the names of some of the take authors in the field of international arbi tration and some authors who were cognize before, had been conducted, which gave valuable sources.The fourth and fifth requisites were the application of pragmatical screening criteria and applying methodological screening criteria, which is to find out what is important for the research and what sources may be irrelevant. In order to determine whether a source is dependable and reliable, certain considerations had to be made, which were the determination of the pastime questions does the source cite primary sources? What can be told about the author? How old are the sources?... bibliographic or article databases, choosing search terms , applying practical screening criteria, applying methodological screening criteria, Doing the review and synthesising the results.5 The same approach had been taken to conduct the research. The first requirement according to Fink is to select the research questions. In doctrinal research the questions are found from a search for law which are appl icable in a given set circumstances.6 In the return case, the questions that were required to be answered were who (arbitrators or tribunals or both of them) can adjudge to interim measures? What kind of interim measures are valid at international arbitration? By whom and how adjudged interim measures applied, how should be their performance?7 A research in the existing corpus of international arbitration law had been undertaken to find a suitable answer to the aforesaid questions. The second requirement consisted of selecting bibliographical and article databases. The best one for this purpose was the Milli Kutuphane, the official website of the national library of Turkey, which consists of one of the richest collections of Turkish sources and sources around the world. Some problems were faced in providing Turkish sources and endeavour was made to find Turkish sources in English. The only Turkish sources were written by Yeslirmak. As such, the Turkish sources were avoided so far p racticable. The third requisite in literature review according to Fink (supra) is choosing search terms. Both Boolean search and browsing have been used to find out the sources essential for this research.8 Search with the names of some of the leading authors in the field of international arbitration and some authors who were known before, had been conducted, which gave valuable sources.

In what ways can we argue that the international community has an Essay

In what ways can we argue that the international alliance has an obligation to alleviate poverty in the world - Essay ExampleThis has been leaving the poor on the mercies of the rich in the society. Therefore, the international community has a role of setting up policies and implementing them, an aspect that will eliminate cartels who have been hijacking this noble process.International community has a role of ensuring that there is allude distribution of resources across the economies. In the past one century, developed countries have been marginalizing smaller economies which have poorly formed developed structure. Through brain bolt and exploitation of the resources by economic powerhouses has increased the level of poverty in the world. The international community has a role of ensuring that all countries engaging in whatsoever form of trade where all parties benefit. This will play a significant role in ensuring that there is economic balance. In addition, it should follow-u p in couch to ensure that the money obtained through these transactions reach the needy in the society. This can be through supervising mega projects by the governments and auditing them in order to kerb corruption cases.The fact that the world is not united towards the agenda of alleviating poverty makes it hard for the international community. Each country tries to drive its own economic prosperity. In addition, some countries are not willing to set up a certain amount of money to help the countries that are crumpling with high poverty rates. This has do it hard for the international community to achieve any remarkable

Just War Doctrine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Just War Doctrine - Essay ExampleIn this direction, Orend, Brian (2008) argues that just war theory is probably the most influential perspective on the ethics of war and peace. This means that the talk of just war raises a lot of questions on ethics and righteousity. Many researchers and theorist have therefore propounded a lot of ideas and theories on just war. One of such is the consequentialist moral high-power for intelligence operations introduced by Arrigo. The Arrigo Paper and believers of it thereof raise a lot of issues of when human source intelligence, counterintelligence, or covert operations pass the moral divide and violate the Just War doctrine. As an expectation of civilians from the military, wars should be started by causes and causes should be found through intelligence. For this reason, a justified war comes with a justifiable cause and for that matter, a justifiable intelligence. It is therefore important that a doctrine of just war should coordinate with a doc trine of just intelligence, curiously for human source intelligence, counterintelligence, and covert operations (Arrigo, 2001).

The inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded of a Essay

The rearward relationship between price and bar requiremented of a goodness - Essay ExampleThis implies that as the price of a commodity increases, the measuring rod demanded for that product would reduce, similarly as the price decreases, the measuring rod demanded for that commodity would increase. Behravesh (2008) describes the inverse relationship between price and bar demanded is a constant law in economics. There seem to be no real exception to the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded as long as it is a commodity that consumers crave to get, this law would ever so hold its ground. The quantity demanded for a particular commodity depends on the price. The quantity demanded would begin to decrease when the suppliers or manufacturers decide to increase the price of the commodity. Consumers would begin to look for substitutes to these commodities that take over a lower price and these means that the quantity demanded for a commodity that its price has ju st been decreased would begin to reduce drastically. The reason for the inverse relationship that exists between price and quantity demanded is not far-fetched. There is always a price that consumers are willing to pay for a particular commodity and when there is a change in this price, they begin to change their mind. approximately consumers may even look for other alternatives and this would affect the general quantity demanded for that commodity. ... ists between the price of a commodity and the quantity demanded is seen below Quantity Demanded terms 600 100 300 200 150 400 75 800 40 1500 The effect that the increase in the price of a particular commodity would have on the quantity commodity is clearly shown above as an increase in the price would drive the quantity demanded downwards. However, there are exceptions to this law of demand as there are some commodities that the price of a commodity does not affect the quantity demanded for the same commodity. Drugs seem to be an e ssential commodity for sick people that the price of this commodity does not really affect the quantity demanded for that commodity. Consider a drug that has proven to be the most sloshed solution to a particular ailment and the price suddenly goes up. A patient that loves his or her life would pay anything to get that drug. Thus, an increase in the gaucherie of potent drugs would not in any way affect the quantity demanded for that drug. Hence, there are some exceptions to the inverse relationship between price and the quantity demanded for a commodity as there are some commodities that some consumers grass pay through the nose to get (Jones 2008, pp. 23-26). Another thing to witness is the income of consumers. The quantity demanded for a particular commodity may reduce and the price of that commodity may still remain constant. In this case, would we say that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded? The answer is no. the quantity demanded reduced du e to the reduction in the income of the consumer as consumers would only buy what they can afford as they cannot in any way spend beyond their financial limits (OSullivan, Sheffrin, & Perez, 2010). Hence, this represents a somewhat exception in the law of demands inverse

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 58

Journal - Essay Example91).In Journal 3, I talked about something I learned from tutorial 25. Tutorial mainly introduces prepositions and prepositional phrases to us. I have made mistakes while practicing the preposition usage. I al musical modes perceived it to be difficult. Preposition usage includes the recognition of prepositions and usage deep down sentences in individual writing. I learned from the book that there are three different uses of prepositional phrases. The first is the single word preposition. At, as, and about get out some of the examples (Ferris 2014, p. 94). The use is to connect words. The second kind is deuce-word preposition inclusive of, in addition, on average, of course, and so on. These phrases are the preposition with a noun, and they are used to make two sentences more consistent. The third kind is a three-word preposition. It means that the phrases comprise three words like in order to, as a result, by the way among others.In journal 4, I talked about something I learned from tutorial 13. I learned many concepts relating language use, academic writing, formality, and poverty issues. Among the most anomic words included poverty and informal language usage. During the informal language lesson, I learned that it is not appropriate to term language usage as informal because it is applicable to many contexts. Regarding the levels of formality quotes should be reproduced exactly as they are while taking care on the first and second soulfulness pronouns in the academic writing work. In addition, it is proper to avoid the first person references to create a great impression on the readers. Moreover, when using emails, memos, and business sector letters, the recipients title needs consideration. In the context of professional and academic writing, specific writing styles prefer particular and consistent ways of writing references. Individuals, who are futile to reference correctly, should regularly refer to the conventions provided f or in reference guiding manuals (Ferris 2014,

The Invention of the Printing Press Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Invention of the create Press - Essay ExampleWhich of these should I look into and what criteria should I use to make my mind on a judgment After much thought, I realized some things I cannot look at the results of the events since the effect are just enormous to be weighed by anyone I also cannot look at factors such as the people involved and the efforts they have drop that ultimately led to the discovery or invention because again, such can lead to a chain of infinite events and circumstances. Hence, since neither its roots nor consequences may care in finding out which of the two events are greater, I had to look at some other viable criteria. Eventually, after going through the readings, I realized that there is one more avenue I never looked at. That is, the avenue of the relation between these two events Simply, are the invention of the print stuff and the discovery of the modern scientific method related at all, in any way The answer to that question, which is a ye s (and I will expound on that in this paper), gave me also the answer to the debate going on in my head. There is a relation, and the relation is that of causality, one part caused the other, making the other partially dependent on that which caused it. At least for these two, the answer was not difficult to find the printing press acted as partial material cause for the eventual coming of the modern scientific method. So, at least within the philosophical realm of instrumental causality, the invention of the printing press has primacy over the discovery of the scientific method. With this, my question for those who would say otherwise would be Would the modern scientific method, as we know it, be possible if not for the partial material causality provided by the printing press Given my main question whose answer rest I now provide my thesis statement The printing press, being an instrumental cause of some of the great developments in the west (including the discovery of the scien tific method) from the time of its invention to the present, makes the invention of the press a more important diachronic event than the discovery of the modern scientific method. To be able to prove my thesis statement, I will divide the discussions of this paper into three parts The printing press is an instrumental cause of some of the great developments in the West the printing press is an instrumental cause even of the scientific method Conclusion. The Printing Press is an Instrumental Cause of the Developments in the WestAt the invention of the printing press in 1440 came other developments as well the exploration age, the renaissance, the reformation, the groundwork of the information age, and of course, the modern scientific period. In this part of the essay, I will show how the printing press was an instrumental cause of these developments. But before I proceed, I will first define what an instrumental cause is. An instrumental cause, according to Aristotle, is an aid to an efficient cause in coming up with an effect. So for example, the brush and other things

Software and Data Sharing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Software and Data Sharing - Essay ExampleAccording to Tan & Payton (Eds), info sharing is unlike in CHIN models from Mayo clinic because CHIN uses data sharing and health IT innovations to improve partnerships between clinicians, public health leaders, policy makers, and informatics experts. CHIN alliance partners gain from the shared data such as centralized data warehouse a connected electronic health record. Contrary to this, Mayo clinic shares its data through creating software, tools, and services for large scale health records.The risk of a Community Health Information Network (CHIN) is that membership in it, if not controlled throne lead to greater risks associated with the law. The benefits include facilitation of care, lower live of care, and knowledgeable choice to the patients. The providers on the other hand reduce segregation of rural physicians, mange complete cost of therapy, and develop a competitive market

Comparison critique of 2 famous speeches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparison critique of 2 famous dustupes - Essay ExampleIn Kennedys address, he used both(prenominal) ethos and pathos to convince the interview that under his leadership significant ties that allegedly bind the country to other foreign governments would slip away through his offer and pledges of loyalty, hope, good deed, and a call for peace. They both exuded the air of confidence during the whole duration of the speech and assuming ample preparedness foregoing to the delivery. Though both were glancing at some previously prepared notes on the speech, it was clearly evident that they knew most of the contents of the speech and frequent glancing was enough to check off that the delivery flowed perfectly and stiffly. Their appearances were both sublime and very professional donning formal suits with respective neckties and hair perfectly groomed. Likewise, both employed sustaining a particular bankers bill that uses emphasis and clarity in pronunciation, diction and use of flaw less grammar. Both speakers, during their course of delivery, were intermittently applauded by the audience, to signify conformity and approval to their points of assertions. Both Reagan and Kennedy knew the effective use of body language that employs glancing at the audience, looking at them through their eyes, briefly glancing on their notes, changing their facial focus to the right, the middle and the left fragment of the audience, and using the appropriate tone and marks of emphasis, as needed. Likewise, in terms of audience orientation, it was evident in both speeches that the audience impact and appeal were both positive. Intermittent claps were heard, especially when the speakers noted some relevant arguments that were appropriately supported or when figurative languages were used. The fact that these speakers were the ones who delivered the speeches resulted in an enhanced credibility and audience appeal. If the speech were delivered by somebody else, it could have signific antly affected audience impact, depending on the persons character, the manner of delivery, air of confidence, and manifested authority, among others. Concurrently, there were disparities between the delivery, style, and focus or thrusts of these two speeches. In Reagans speech, he did not begin the speech by acknowledging the presence of personalities who were present unlike Kennedys speech which begun with acknowledging the following debility President Johnson, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Chief Justice, President Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon, President Truman, reverend clergy, fellow citizens (John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address par. 1). Reagans introduction was simply to acknowledge gratitude from the audience by repeatedly saying Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you and good evening (A TIME FOR CHOOSING (The Speech October 27, 1964) par. 1). Likewise, the speed of Reagans speech was faster, as compared to the slower paced and significantly rehearsed pacing by Kennedy. The total nu mber of words

Tabloids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tabloids - Essay ExampleAs compared to broadsheet journalism, which is normally held together by a strong since of ethics and public responsibility, tabloids rely on slender entertainment and outrageous colors, features, and stories to find out to lure in the imaginative reader. Often stories are crafted out of no factual basis, and are there instead to try to be as outrageous as possible for the sake of getting peoples attention. They use a much looser idea of values and morals to try to apply their point compared to broadsheet journalism.In a stunning twist of events, Clinton and Obama have been seeing coming out of a hotel late into the night. Could this mean a sensitive political partnership between the two, or possibly an even darker secret love life between the two Could this all be an alien bizLate last night Democratic nominees Clinton and Obama were both seen on their way home from a late night meeting. The meeting, uncongenially, seemed to have taken place in an hotel room that was actually rented in McCains name. The fact that McCain seems to pay for them to spend the night together is strange of itself, but seeing the two candidates embrace in a hug and passionate kiss as they left sparked the real controversy.This turn in events now leads people to wonder if in fact Clinton and Obama are unfeignedly working together, and in more places than just the political bedroom. McCain helping them pay for the room also adds suspicion to what all of them are really up to. Is McCain give them off to keep the fighting going longer so he can continue to campaign without a direct candidate Are Clinton and Obama really in love and want to run togetherAs the saying goes, politicians do make strange bedfellows. Works Citedhttp//spj.org/ethicscode.aspSociety of Professional JournalistsTabloid

Closing argument (persuasive) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Closing argument (persuasive) - Essay ExampleGeorge Miltons action was necessary. He has no other select but to take away the life of Lennie. George should non be accused of any crime or he should not be considered guilty.George knows Lennie quite obviously. He is acquainted with Lennie so much that he knows that Lennie is always ready to harm himself with his activities. Lennie is not fully mentally fit and performs acts that are disadvantageous for him and he is not aware of this fact. Such as Lennie has hidden a breathless mouse in his pocket, which can be epidemically harmful for him. George took it away from him but he over again put it into his pocket.George stood up and threw the mouse as far as he could into the darkening brush, and then he stepped to the pool and washed his hands. You crazy fool. Dont you think I could see your feet was wet where you went acrost the river to get it? He heard Lennies whimpering cry and wheeled about. Blubberin like a baby Jesus Christ A b ig true cat like you. Lennies lip quivered and tears started in his eyes. Aw, Lennie George put his hand on Lennies shoulder. I aint takin it away jus for meanness. That mouse aint fresh, Lennie and besides, youve broke it pettin it. (Steinbeck 5)Lennie wants to pet a dead mouse without considering that it can cause a disease. George takes it away and throws it away twice. George wants to correct Lennie at each and every incidence by guiding him to do the rightful. He knows that his friend mishandles every creature whether it is an animal or a human being. Such as when Curleys wife allows him to play with her hair, he mishandles them and at last, kills the charwoman by mistake. He is unable to feel that he becomes a reason for killing creatures by his mishandling.She struggled violently under his hands. Her feet battered on the hay and she writhe to be free and from under Lennies hand came a muffled screaming. Lennie began to cry with fright. Oh Please dont do none of that, he be gged.

William Shakespeare also known as “The Bard” Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeare also known as The Bard EssayWilliam Shakespeare was unriv eithered of the best writers of his time, and has written stories that are still being read and talked about today. He was thought of to be an inspiration to many upcoming writers and has helped to shape belles-lettres into what is today. Shakespeares writing s give vivid and interesting details about the topic he is writing about. His writings also tend to bring on others enjoy reading more often. Even though Shakespeare has no birth records there are church records which indicate that a William Shakespeare was baptized at divine Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon on April 26, 1564. From that information they believed that he was born either on or near April 23, 1564. Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway on November 28, 1582. William was 18 and she was 26 and also pregnant. Shakespeares first child was a daughter born on May 26, 1583, they named her Susanna. Shakespeare was the third child of John Shakespeare who was a leather merchant and his mother Mary who was a local landed heiress. Shakespeare had two sisters Joan and Judith, and his three younger brothers Gilbert, Richard and Edmund. From roughly 1594 Shakespeare was an important member of the Lord Chamberlains Men companion of theatrical players.It was said that Shakespeare wrote plays that capture the complete range of human emotion and conflict. Shakespeare was also often called the English national poet and is to be considered the greatest dramatist of all time. Also there are little Cox 2 records of Shakespeares childhood and virtually none about his education, but scholars think Shakespeare attended queers New School. Others often ponder on whether William Shakespeare really existed.By 1952 there was some evidence that Shakespeare was living as an actor and a dramatist in London and may have had several plays produced. Around 1597 15 of Shakespeares 37 playshad been published. By 1599 Shakespeare and his busines s partners built their own theater, which they later called the Globe. Shakespeares early plays were written in a conventional style of his time with complex metaphors and rhetorical phrases that didnt always match with his plot or characters.Although Shakespeare was truly modern, adapting to the customary style to his own motives and creating a freer flow of words. Shakespeares work and been a major influence on later theatre and literature. Throughout the 1590s Shakespeares reputation continued to grow. From 1594 to 1608 he was fully involved inthe London theater world.During much of this period, Shakespeare was ranked as Londons around popular playwright, based on the number of times his plays were performed and published. By the late 1590s Shakespeare had become an established writer and a prosperous. Cox 3 By 1612 Shakespeare had become Englands most successful playwright. It was said that he divided his time between Stratford and London. Shakespeare was a respected man of th e dramatic arts who wrote plays and acted in the late 16th and early 17th century. Today his plays are highly popular and are persistently studied and reinterpreted in plays.The genius of Shakespeares plays go forth forever be performed and read. Furthermore William Shakespeare also known as The Bard was a man who changed the way we look at literature today. Also he was thought to be a literature genius making his plays different and extraordinary. Shakespeare is a man who others have looked at throughout the course of history to hire to be better writers. William Shakespeare was a legend and shows just how much reading and writing can take you. Cox 4 Citation Page www. biography. com William Shakespeare www. worldbookonline. com William Shakespeare.

Looking Deathworthy Essay Example for Free

Looking Deathworthy EssayResearchers Jennifer L. Eberhardt, Paul G. Davis Valerie J. Purdie-Vaughns, and Sheri Lynn Johnson studied whether being stereotypically swart influences the probability of receiving the death penalty. Sociologist have previously proven that people quickly apply racial stereotypes to blacks who have the stereotypically appearance of a black person. This racial profile effects how people judge an individual and this judgment may very well influence how one is dispenseed by others.This athletic field is important because it shows how racial stereotypes can affect the sentence given to a defendant guilty of murder. The relationship of the different sentences of black on black murders vs. black on exsanguine murders is also slightly exposed in this study. For science, this shows a new perspective of how modern society views and profiles African-American men. These stereotypes have and influence on how people treat one another, in this case African-Ameri can murder defendants, which is changing society as a whole.Judgment plays a major role in how we interact with one another. The researchers had a very basic research design. There topic was if being stereotypically black influences the possibility of being sentenced with the death penalty. They defined there hassle by stating how previous researchers have found a correlation between racial profiling and how people judge others. Researchers have also found that murders of washrag victims are more likely than murderers of black victims to be sentenced to death.The article Looking Deathworthy by the researchers that conducted this experiment, states that the researchers reviewed plenty of previous studies, theories, and cases. They conducted the experiment in two rules. The first method they showed pictures of 44 black males convicted of murdering white victims in Pennsylvania and Philadelphia during 1979 and 1999, and showing their pictures to raters. The raters where Stanford Uni versity undergraduates who were not told the men in the pictures where convicted murderers.They simply rated the men according to how stereotypically black they looked. The researchers found that the defendants who appeared to be more stereotypically black than the others were more likely to receive a death sentence. In the second method, they used the same databases and procedures to see if the same result would be obtained in the experiment if the victims were black. They found that the perceived stereo typicality of black defendants convicted of murdering black victims did not predict a death sentence.There were a couple of limitations make by these researchers that might have effect the outcome of the research. The researchers only used black defendants from the Pennsylvania and Philadelphia welkin. These changes make the research only correct for that area at that particular time. They should have broadened their case studies to all the states in the U. S. the researchers also only used raters from Standford University. There is a greater chance the people from the same area and same age group judge individuals with the same mentality.They should have used different age groups and people from different backgrounds as raters. T would have do the study more valid. I feel that this was an excellent theory to experiment and I agree that it is true. Capital punishment does give harder sentences for murder defendants who look stereotypically black. However, the study should have been broader. The researchers had variables that if they removed, would have allowed their findings to be more valid.

Branches Of Biology Essay Example for Free

Branches Of Biology EssayLevels of OrganizationWhy do we need to learn about levels of brass instrument?Helps us to understand how our world fits togetherHelps us to organize the structures of nutriment systems and how they all work together1. Organelles little organs Small structures inside of a cell that perform a specific function. Examples include mitochondria, nucleus, and Golgi body2. Cell- Basic unit of structure function in vivification. Cells are the building blocks of all upkeep things.3. Tissue A group of the same kind of cells working together for a specific purpose4. Organs A part of an organism do up of tissues that do a specific job.5. Organ Systems A group of organs that work together for a specific job.9. Organism Any living thing.10. Population -A group of the same organism living together. This word is often used to describe the size of the group. 11. Community- Several populations living together and interacting in both(prenominal) way. 12. Ecosyste m All the biotic communities plus all abiotic factors. MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY The word doctrine is derived from the Greek words philia (love) and sophia (wisdom) and means the love of wisdom. Pythagoras was said to form been the low man to call himself a philosopher in fact, the world is indebted to him for the word philosopher.It is said that when Leon, the tyrant of Philius, asked him of who he was, he said, a Philosopher and he likened the Philosopher to spectators at quaint games. Before that time the wise men had called themselves a sage, which was interpreted to mean those who know. Pythagoras was more modest. He coined the word philosopher, which he defined as one who is attempting to catch out out. According to him, men and women of the world could be classified into 3 groups (1. those that love pleasure) (2. those that love activity) and (3. those that love wisdom.)MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such(prenominal) as th ose connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is the rational attempt to formulate, understand, and answer fundamental wonders.NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY1. Philosophy is a set of views or beliefs about life and the universe, which are often held uncritically. We refer to this import as the informal sense of philosophy or having a philosophy. Usually when a person says my philosophy is, he or she is referring to an informal personal attitude to whatever topic is being discussed. 2. Philosophy is a process of reflecting on and criticizing our most deeply held conceptions and beliefs. These two senses of philosophy having and doing can non be treated entirely independent of each other, for if we did not have a philosophy in the formal, personal sense, then we could not do a philosophy in the critical, reflective sense. Having a philosophy, however, is not sufficient for doing philosophy. 3. Philosophy is a rational attempt to look at the world as a whole. Philosophy seeks to combine the conclusions of the various sciences and human experience into some kind of consistent world view.Philosopherswish to see life, not with the specialized slant of the scientist or the businessperson or the artist, but with the overall view of someone cognizant of life as a totality. 4. Philosophy is the licit analysis of language and the elucidation of the nub of words and concepts. . Certainly this is one function of philosophy. In fact, nearly all philosophers have used methods of analysis and have sought to clarify the meaning of terms and the use of language. Some philosophers see this as the main task of philosophy, and a few claim this is the only legitimate function of philosophy.5. Philosophy is a group of perennial problems that interest people and for which philosophers always have sought answers. Philosophy presses its inquiry into the deepest problems of human existence. Some of the philosophical questions raised in the noncurren t have been answered in a manner satisfactory to the majority of philosophers. Many questions, however, have been answered only tentatively, and many problems remain unsolved. What is truth? What is the distinction between decent and wrong? What is life and why am I here? Why is there anything at all?IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY1. The study of Philosophy enables us to think carefully and clearly about important issues. 2. In studying Philosophy, we learn to take a step back from our everyday thinking and to search the deeper, bigger question which underpins our thought. 3. The focus in the study of Philosophy is to learn not what to believe, but how to think. 4. Studying philosophy sharpens your analytical abilities, enabling you to identify and survey the strengths and weaknesses in any position. 5. It hones your ability to construct and articulate cogent arguments of your own. 6. It prompts you to work across disciplinary boundaries and to think flexibly and creatively about proble ms which do not present immediate solutions. 7. Because philosophy is an activity as much a body of knowledge, it also develops your ability to think and work independently.BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHYHistorically, philosophical concerns have been treated under these broad categories 1. Logic, 2. Metaphysics, 3. Epistemology, 4. Value theory A. LOGIC Logic is the systematic study of the rules for the correct use of these supporting reasons, rules we can use to have a go at itgood arguments from bad ones. Most of the great philosophers from Aristotle to the present have been convinced that logic permeates all other disseveres of philosophy. The ability to test arguments for logical consistency, understand the logical consequences of certain assumptions, and distinguish the kind of evidence a philosopher is using are essential for doing philosophy12. B. METAPHYSICS Another traditional branch of Philosophy traditionally cognize as metaphysics. For Aristotle, the term metaphysics meant fir st philosophy, discussion of the most universal principles later the term came to mean comprehensive thinking about the nature of things. It means, usually, the study or theory of reality. The question of metaphysics is what is reality? What is real? Is reality some kind of thing. Is it one or is it many? If it is one, then how is it related to many things approximately us? Can ultimate reality be grasped by five senses, or is it supernatural or transcendent? Metaphysics undoubtedly is the branch of philosophy that the upstart student finds most difficult to grasp. Metaphysics attempts to offer a comprehensive view of all that exists. It is concerned with such problems as the relation of mind to matter, the nature of change, the meaning of freedom, the existence of God, and the belief in personal immortality.13. C. EPISTEMOLOGY The technical term for the theory of knowledge is epistemology, which comes from the Greek word episteme, meaning knowledge. In general, epistemology is th e branch of philosophy that studies the sources, nature, and severity of knowledge. There are three central questions in this field (1) What are the sources of knowledge? Where does genuine knowledge come from or how do we know? This is the question of origins. (2) What is the nature of knowledge? Is there a real world outside the mind, and if so can we know it?D. VALUE THEORY Value theory is the branch of philosophy that studies values. It can be subdivided into ethics, aesthetics, and social and political philosophy. In broad terms ethics concerns itself with the question of morality. What is right and what is wrong in human transaction? Within morality and ethics there are three major areas descriptive ethics, normative ethics, and metaethics. Descriptive ethics seeks to identify moral experience in a descriptive way.We seek to identify, within the range of human conduct, the motives, desires, and intentions as well as overt acts themselves.

Reviewing Biological And Psychological Crime Theories Criminology Essay

Reviewing Biological And psychological Crime Theories Criminology EssayMans attempt to understand the causes of hatred and divergence predates written history. Prehistoric skeletal remains suggest evidence of primitive cranial surgical procedures. This appears to indicate that, during these more primitive times, population thought spiritual evils in the mind caused aversion and deviance. Cranial surgery was the effort to open the mind and allow the unwanted spiritual influences to escape. Since these early times, umteen theoretical perspectives concerning hatred and deviance have emerged. Biological, psychological, and sociological theories argon the to the highest degree widely known. This paper will focus on Cesare Lombrosos biologic theory of anthropological criminology ( reversal) and Gabriel Tardes psychological modeling theory of imitation.Biological crime theories began in the sixteenth century with the ideas of J. Babtiste della Porte (1535 1615). He was the founde r of human physiognomy. Human physiognomy is the study of strong-arm features to determine an individuals characteristics. Early biological theorists studied physical features to make assessments near a persons criminal propensity (Kroeber, 2006). Fundamentally, if criminality is inherited, then an offender can be distinguished by physical throwback(prenominal) stigmata. The physical appearance, they believed, distinguishes criminal types and the irrefutable method was the biological approach these scholars chose. These ideas differed from the ideas of contemporary scholars in that they also believed in lower forms of life, anecdotes, and folk wisdom as explanations of crime (Farrington, D., 1996).The biological explanations of crime operational today accept affectedities of the brain, brain damage, head trauma, genetic predispositions, vitamin deficiencies, hormonal imbalances, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), lack of serotonin (neurotransmitters) in the brain, and blood abnormalities. Since many criminologists academically center on the social sciences, theories of deviant behavior base on biology are not widely accepted in the sports stadium of criminology. Society run fors to reject biological explanations of crime because of the belief that biological equals hopelessness. Schmalleger (2006) states that some biological theories simply show abnormalities to be facilitators of crime, rather than determinants of criminal behavior. Biological crime theories involve various fundamental assumptions. These assumptions are the brain is the center of behavior and personalities, the manifestations of behaviors, to include criminal propensities, are in some form genetically predisposed, differences in crime rates among races and gender are a result of biological differences but will only show in certain environments, biological crime facilitators and determinants whitethorn be passed to succeeding generations, and human behavior i s instinctive and characteristic of all organisms (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 144).One of the most renowned scientific biological theorists was Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909). Lombroso coined the term atavism to suggest that criminal behaviors were the result of primitive impulses that successfully survived the evolutionary process. Lombroso and his students used the ideas of Charles Darwins theory of evolution and discredited the classical ideas of Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Lombroso believed in determinism rather than the ideas of free will. free will is the idea that all individuals have an equal opportunity to make choices and to act criminal. Lombrosos class of thought is known as the Italian School. Lombroso theorized physical characteristics would live primitive impulses. The characteristics that he found to be common among criminals, he labeled, atavistic (Ellwood, 2000).Atavism is a real or supposed evolutionary throwback. Atavists possess an unhoped appearance resembli ng the primitive traits of man or the reversion of such a trait that was present in the lineage of the past. This representative trait is not seen a lot in intervening generations after primitive creatures. Atavisms can occur when the previous genes for such phenotypical features are preserved in DNA and are dominantly shown. These genes may be present in organisms but not expressed in dominate features (Farrington, D. 1996).Social Darwinists frequently used the ideas of atavism. This class of thinkers claimed that inferior races would display atavistic traits and those individuals expressing atavistic characteristics are an inferior form of their primitive race. The notion of atavism is saturated with the ideas of evolution as a progress towards a greater complexness and superior ability of man (Farrington, D. 1996). Statistical evidence and the idea that physical traits indicate criminality has not been substantiated. However, the concept that physical traits can indicate the lik elihood of criminal behavior is still popular in some circles.Lombrosos work was the result of studying postmortem bodies of executed offenders and deceased criminals. He measured the tree trunk in many different ways. He took measurements from 65 executed criminals and 832 living offenders and compared them with the measurements taken from 390 soldiers. Lombroso used this data to identify consistencies between traits and characterized his findings as criminal features. Among the traits he found to be predictive of criminal behavior, were index finger length, fleshy cheeks, close eyes, large teeth, lobe-less ears, high defined cheek bones, crooked nose, large lips, abnormal number of ribs, and different eye colors. Lombroso hypothesized that possession of certain combinations of traits could be used to identify a specific type of offender. For example, the classification for habitual homicide is cold, glassy eyes, a large nose, a strong jaw large cheekbones, thin lips and dark, cur ly hair (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 147).Psychological crime theories available today include Frustration-Aggression Theory, Modeling Theory, fashion Theory, and Self-Control Theory. GabrielTarde (1843-1904) counterbalance introduced the psychological modeling theory of imitation. This psychological perspective states that people learn how to behave by modeling themselves like others whom they have observed. The suppositions that support the basis for his theory, as with most early theories, are analysis of the individual, personality is the major motivational element, criminal behavior is purposeful for the individual, normality is defined by social consensus, and crime results from inappropriate mental processes. Furthermore, inappropriate mental processes have many causes to include diseases of the mind, inappropriate learning or improper conditioning, and poor place models (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 183). Psychocriminologists generally focus on personality disorders that include psyc hopaths, sociopaths, and antisocial personalities to explain criminal behavior.Gabriel Tarde believed that the laws of imitation were the basis of any society. He rejected the biological theories of crime proposed by Cesare Lombroso and other criminologists of his time, stating that certain inferences of law or regularities govern the social world. Tarde developed a behavior theory based on three laws of imitation. Tardes first law of imitation states that individuals that regularly and closely interact with each(prenominal) other behave similarly. The application of this law can be seen in groups such as white supremacists. These individuals focus most of their time and attention on ideas of white superiority and actively promote these ideas. Due to their close interaction with one another, they tend to exhibit the same behavior. The second law rests on the premise that imitation follows a hierarchical pattern. In the United States Marine Corps, Marines of junior rank a lot emula te their leaders. This idea of hierarchical imitation is positively beef upd through education and training. Tardes third law is that of insertion. This law conveys the notion that new ideas, modus operandi, or methods reinforce prior successful patterns or replace failed or less efficient methods. In the Marine Corps, leadership ideas that have been used for over 230 years are reinforced everyday because they are successful. At the same time, new methods for implementing those ideas are replacing outdated, less efficient methods (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 194).There are presumed advantages and disadvantages to both biological and psychological crime theories. In the criminology field, biological theories are advantageous because they provide a basis for the hypothesis that criminal behavior can be predicted by physical traits, chemical make-up, and genetic factors. In theory, once identified, criminal behavior can be treated through various medical therapies to include behavior modifi cation, hormonal therapy, and gene therapy. The disadvantages of biological crime causation theories generally lie with methodological problems and the types of analysis employed to gather statistical data. Schmalleger (2006) states that biological studies often fail to include proper testing groups resulting in flawed forms of analysis. Glenn D. Walters and Thomas W. White, critics of biological perspectives, note the shortcomings of biological crime theories. They assert that the degree of criminality is improperly established, often based on one arrest, sample groups are not varied or realistically selected, results are left open for interpretation thus detracting from the integrity of the research, and findings from exterior of the United States may not be applicable (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 172). Another disadvantageous aspect of biological crime theories is the potential impact on public policy. If biological studies are conducted that show credible information to the public re garding a certain biological trait for criminality, the outcry for legislation would be great. For example, if all criminals have gene-x, the people would demand laws be put in place that protected society from gene-x carriers. However, data obtained from biological crime studies is not consistent but can be interpreted. Furthering the x-gene example, while all criminals have the x-gene not all carriers of the x-gene are criminals. This could result in unfair practices against some innocent carriers. Psychological crime theories are effective to investigations today because they provide the framework used in developing typologies of psychological profiles utilized to identify personality characteristics of criminal individuals. Psychological explanations assist the investigator in understanding the criminal mind thereby increasing the chances of apprehension. Additionally, if crime causation factors are identified, offenders may be treated more efficiently, possibly reducing recidi vism. Psychological crime causation theories also pose disadvantages to the field of criminology. D.A. Andrews and James Bonta (1994) discredit contemporary psychological theories stating that psychological and sociological criminology findings are not obtained through accusing and empirical means therefore representing weak psychology in mainstream society. Another disadvantage of psychological theories is that they are more often applicable to sexual and trigger-happy crimes, include untestable postulations, and fail to account for situational factors (OConnor, T. 2004).In conclusion, it can be inferred that no one theory definitively explains crime. Biological and psychological crime theories address crime and deviance explanations from different, but equally feasible perspectives. The early biological ideas of Cesare Lombroso stimulated the emergence of more contemporary theories. Although his crime explanations are not widely used today, they provided a foundation for further thought in the criminology field. Similarly, Gabriel Tarde proposed an alternate crime explanation with his theory of imitation. Tardes thoughts encouraged social thinkers to expound on his ideas and develop more contemporary crime theories that are in practice today. Both biological and psychological explanations for criminality and deviance present advantages and disadvantages but it must be noted that each provide practical value to criminologists today.

Multifunctional Porous Organics Synthesis

Multifunctional Porous Organics SynthesisTITLE OF WORKThe synthesis and characterisation of functionalized porous organicsAbstractLophine establish radicals extradite been analyse for many years delinquent to their photochromic nature, recent literature has seen attempts to connect 2 radicals to carbon ground backbones. In this report we will discuss attaching six lophine molecules to a single backbone which is a phosphazene gloriole. Cyclophosphazene repeats gravel a unique conformation al humbleding for supramolecular architectures to be organise by varying the substituents, these architectures range from 0-2D structures. The hexalophine molecule exhibits 1D convey due its unique conformation which hotshots to the formation of a porous material. Porous organics are of high interest in recent literature due to them organism a cheaper, less(prenominal) toxic alternative to MOFs as well as having the ability to be modified and tailored easily due to the simple offset mate rials. In this report we shall stir synthetic pathways from simple molecular building blocks to hexalophine (32%) and two derivatives, merge 4 (46%) and 5 (15%). These two derivatives retain the potential to outgrowth pore stability. This report will also include the oxidation of hexalophine to its radical species which were ensnare to display photochromic properties and it is also believed that this material could contain straighten out gated pores which are scraggyd(a) in the dimer form of the product but then open upon irradiation of UV of 365nm.1. INTRODUCTION1.0 Properties and potential uses of LophineThis report will feature alchemy based upon the triphenylimidazolyl based radicals (TPIRs) as well as the dimer form hexaarylbi iminazole (HABI). Lophine (2,4,5-triphenyl-1H- imidazole) is a heterocyclic imidazole derivative where three phenyl besieges are attached to the imidazole butt on (figure 1), these imidazole derivatives are an area of importance due to the many interesting properties it possesses. Lophine has been of interest to researchers for many years with its chemiluminescent properties being first discovered in 1877 by Radziszewski.1 The oxidation of the lophine molecule follows the chemical reaction scheme below, where lophine is oxidised to the TPIR radical state via addion of base and treatment with Fe forming one of six dimers both in solution and the inviolable state (figure 2). These materials display photochromic, thermochromic and piezochromic properties. The mechanism of photochromism of the lophine dimer is the homolytic cleavage of the 2C-1N bond of the dimer by irradiation with light, forming two lophine radicals.2 The fast colour change associated with this dimer opening mode there is a potential use in display screens or as the basis for molecular switches, where irradiation with light opens the dimer forming the radical in crop switching the external component On/Off. These possible applications open caused a focu s on creating methods to manipulate and control the colour of these materials and as well as to increase the rate of switching.3 The colour of the radical form is dependent upon the substituents on the mobilise, the more conjugated the system the further toward the red side of the spectrum the colour.4 Lophine displays piezochromic properties in its solid state, upon applying pressure lophine crystals the colour change of yellow to blue/green has been observed, this occurs via the radical dissociation of the 1N-1N dimer bond.5 Other more unusual modes have been of dimerization such as the 2C-2C have now also been isolated, this mode features a unusually long C-C bond.3 act 1 The structure of Lophine (2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole)Another interesting lophyl radical derivative is the 1,8-TPID-naphthalene radical which consists of 2 lophine radicals connected by a naphthalene ring. 1,8-TPID-naphthalene has been characte mount upd in the solid state by Abe et al who studied the photor eactivity of the obscure. 1,8-TPID-naphthalene allowed the group to fix two radicals onto a backbone convey that the radicals were in close proximity and could dimerise easily as opposed to two radicals not connected via a backbone which first need to find eachother in order for dimerization to occur (figure 3). They found that the dimer could be cleaved photochemically giving the diradical and then could be thermally converted back to the dimer.6 They also found that the formation of a hydrogen peroxide bridge was much more common than previous literature had accounted for. This bridging occurred when the 1,8-TPID-naphthalene radical was placed under an O2 atmosphere.7 This peroxide bridge formation is very important as when oxygen quenches the spin to form the closed shell peroxide it does so irreversibly meaning the material is no longer photochromic. It was then shown that this peroxide abjection pathway can be generalised for the chromic dimers of TPIR materials, with non-te thered TPIRs forming similar peroxide bridges.8 A recent development by the same research group has also shown how a thiophene substituted phenoxyl-imidazole radical complex (PIC) can generate two non-equivalent radical upon irradiation with UV light. The colour change can be fine-tuned from tens of seconds to nanoseconds, all the same a sensibility to lower wavelengths of light meant that applications were limited. This problem was rectified by adding a phenyl group to the 5 position of the thiophene ring.9Figure 2 The six potential dimerization modes of two lophyl radicals.3Figure 3 Illustrates the reversible conversion of 1,8-TPID-naphthalene between its radical and dimer forms.1.1 Hexa-substituted Phophazene Rings, Tectons and Crystal EngineeringA key component of this project was the exploitation of the Phosphazene ring as flaccid tecton a tecton is a molecular building block that interacts with sticky sites, formally known as supramolecular synthons, via spatial arrangeme nts to induce the formation of supramolecular aggregates. The search for new tectons is a hot area of research due to the constantly growing field of crystal engineering where the aim is to produce functional single crystal materials utilise intermolecular interactions. The arrangement of molecules in solid state structures is largely dependent on striking a fine balance between intramolecular forces and packing material interactions, knowledge of these forces is key to the field of crystal engineering.10 In general, to a great extent tectons interact via more robust synthons than whacky tectons and therefore usually crystallise with unambiguous geometries. Whereas soft tectons and less robust synthons allow for the formation of supramolecular isomers (figure 4).11 These tectons allow for many functional materials to be formed in a one pot synthesis, they also have the ability to be carefully adjusted to alter and improve upon their functionality.12 Cyclophosphazenes are extreme ly soft tectons that interact with soft synthons to give a large variant of supramolecular architectures in the solid state. The conformation of the cyclophosphazenes is also very interesting as three substituents reside above the plane of the ring and three below (figure 5). It was found that small modifications to the substituents attached to the ring gave supramolecular architectures ranging from 0D to 2D structures (figure 6) such as include monomer, dimer, cyclic hexamer, zigzag chain, linear chain, double chain, graphite-type sheet, rectangular grid and hexagonal close-packed sheet. Such variety of structures came from the easy rotation about the exocyclic P-N bonds, which allowed variable directionalities for all of the N-H bonds. 11 3a) 3b)Figure 4a) Shows benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid a classic congressman of a hard tecton. 4b) shows a silanetriol a classic soft tecton.Figure 5 Conformation of a Hexa-substituted Phosphazene Ring.Figure 6 Schematic representations of agg regation patterns of (RNH)6P3N3 in the solid state.111.2 magnetism and Magnetic FrustrationThe materials we aim to make during this project once appropriately oxidised should go on to form dimers which when irradiated with UV light form distinct radicals containing unpaired electrons thus giving each radical an associated magnetic moment. Neutral organic radicals tend to be paramagnetic and exhibit Curie- Weiss behaviour, where the spin vectors of the unpaired electrons are randomly aligned above the Curie temperature (Tc), which is the critical temperature below which the long ordered state is established, unless a magnetic field is applied. If spin vectors are parallel of latitude to each other below the Curie temperature then the material is ferromagnetic, if the spin vectors are aligned antiparallel to one another the material is antiferromagnetic.13Due to the geometry of the phosphazene ring (three substituents pointing up above the plane of the ring and three below) there is the possibility of forming a 2D angular lattice of spins if the substituents are organic radicals. This could possibly lead to geometric magnetic frustration due to the fact that the two nearest neighbours to a spin are themselves nearest neighbours and therefore antiferromagnetic couplings cannot be live up to (figure 7).14 This can lead to very interesting magnetic properties. Most solid state examples of this geometric frustration tend to be transition metal oxides, however, studies have been done on organic systems that also distribute geometric frustration.13 One example of this is m-MPYNNP+ which is a spin organic radical that upon dimerization forms a 2D triangular lattice which demonstrates the aforementioned geometric frustration.14The issue of spin frustration has been around for a long time as Quantum spin liquids (QSL) were first theoretically proposed by Anderson many years ago which are now a hot topic of research due to the realisation of these QSLs in organic mat erials such as k-(ET)2-CH2(CN)3, which has a near perfect triangular lattice with angles very close to 120.15 A QSL is an exotic ground state where interacting spins continuously fluctuate with no formation of low range magnetic order even at sufficiently low temperatures.16Figure 7 Antiferromagnetic coupling cannot be finish causing geometric magnetic frustration.1.3 Porous MaterialsPorous materials are as important as ever due to their wide spread use in several handle such as catalysis and shooter absorption,17 meaning they can play a critical role in the route to understand our growing energy shortage problems. Porous materials are instantly associated with materials such as zeolites, metal organic framework (MOF) and organic polymers. MOFs are characterised by their tuneable pores and congenital flexibility which more classical carbon or oxide based structures do not possess, this gives a wide range of applications for MOFs such as gas storage, separation, dose delivery or catalysis.18 Porous organics have been discovered in nature but are largely created synthetically and approaches lots need to be mate with knowledge of crystal engineering. These materials are often held together by directional forces which form extended frameworks of noncovalent interactions such as - interactions, hydrogen bonding or get up bonding (figure 8).17 Like zeolites and MOFs porous organics have the ability to selectively absorb atoms and molecules in the gas phase.19 There are many positives to these porous organics, they are often cheaper to combine and less toxic as well as being far less dense than metal containing MOFs.Figure 8 One example of a Porous Organic by Sozzani et al.1.4 P3N3 HexalophineThe chemistry of P3N3 Hexalophine incorporates much of the chemistry discussed above and has many interesting properties. The P3N3 Hexalophine molecule consists of six lophine substituents attached to the phosphazene ring via a P-O bond (figure 9). Previous work in the Robertson group found that the solid state structure of Hexalophine consisted of a pseudo hexagonal motif giving rise to 1D channels that run parallel to the stacking axis (figure 10). The molecule maintained its D3 symmetry in the solid state. The phenyl rings twist to maximise pi-stacking interaction and the 3 imidazole nitrogen atoms form hydrogen bonds to a central water molecule. There are 4 pi-pi interactions that stabilise this structure, the molecules are in a slipped conformation allowing the phenyl and imidazole to rings overlap. Other non-covalent interactions such as van der Waals interactions also help to stabilise the structure. The high symmetry of the structure which comes from the hexa substituted phosphazene ring (three above the plane of the ring and three below) gives an equal distribution of intermolecular forces giving a high probability of forming a stable porous structure. IGA measurements with CO2 loading at 195K shows a Type I isotherm with absorption r eaching 8cm3g-1 at a pressure of 700mmHg confirming the materials microporosity. However only a small fraction of the neutralize space contained CO2.Figure 9 The structure of Hexalophine.Figure 10 The crystal structure of Hexalophine, illustrating the 1D channels.1.5 Aim of ProjectThe aim of this project is to combine our knowledge of the chemistry of both lophine radical systems and cyclophosphazene rings to find elegant synthetic routes which will improve upon the porous properties of hexalophine. This will be done by varying the ring substituents to increase stability of the pores and to improve its gas absorption properties. Three lophine derivatives have been identified as plausible candidates for thid are where two of the phenyl groups on the lophine will be replaced by two thiophene rings and two pyridine rings respectively, with the position of the nitrogen in the pyridine ring being varied depending upon the synthetic pathway (figure 11). We wish to synthesise and fully characterise these derivatives including growing single crystals for structural studies via X-ray crystallography. Also a stoichiometric controlled oxidation of the hexalophine material to its neutral radical/dimer pair is unavoidable in order to further check out the properties of hexalophine such as the possibility of creating a photochromic material that has light gated pores that open on irradiation with UV light.R= or orFigure 11 the synthetic targets of this project.2. Results and discussion2.0 Hexa-benzaldehyde SynthesisThe first step in this synthetic project involved attaching six benzaldehyde units to the phosphazene ring via a P-O oxygen bond. This was achieved by reacting the phosphonitrillic chloride trimer along with 6 equivalents of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, potassium carbonate in dry THF (figure 12). The reaction was monitored with 31P NMR which showed completion when only a vest was present in the spectra indicating full commuting. This produced the compound 1 whi ch was the precursor for many of the subsequent reactions. The reaction gave the want product in a fairly low yield (45%). Whilst the yield was slightly low the FT-IR showed all of the characteristic absorptions such as C=O (1697cm-1) and gondola-CAr (1585cm-1). 31P NMR was conducted and showed a sharp singlet at 7.08ppm which indicated full substitution on the phosphazene ring as all of the environments are equivalent. 1H NMR was also conducted and show a singlet at 9.87ppm with an integration of 6Hs which was as expected for the 6 aldehyde protons, two doublets were found in the remindful region and integrated to 12Hs each which was correct for the number of protons expected. The CHN analysis was almost perfect with less than 0.2% difference from the calculated values, this indicated that the product was of high purity. Mass spectometry also indicated that the desired product had been synthesized as a M+Na+ peak was detected at 884.Figure 12 The reaction scheme for the synthes is of 1.2.1 Synthesis of Hexalophine and Hexalophine derivatives2.1.0 Using DiketonesThe synthesis of hexalophine and hexalophine derivatives is important due to their porous properties which can be of great importance in fields such as gas storage and catalysis. The method for attaching six lophine units to the ring was a ring condensation of 1 on the six benzaldehyde units attached to the phosphazene ring using a synthesis based upon Radziszewskis synthesis.1 The product 2 was achieved by reacting 1 along with six equivalents of benzil, ammonium acetate in excess in glacial acetic acid (figure 13). The yield for 2 was quite poor (32%), the FT-IR showed all of the characteristic peaks such as CAr-H (3055cm-1), C=N (1604cm-1) and CAr=CAr (1538cm-1) indicating the desired product had been formed. This was further confirmed by both the 31P and 1H NMR, the 31P NMR showed a singlet at 8.36ppm which indicates full substitution on the phosphazene ring. The 1H NMR showed a singlet at 12.65 ppm which had an integration equal to 6Hs which is representative of the 6 imidazole N-Hs, it also showed multiplets in the aromatic region with an integration of 84Hs which is exactly the number of aromatic hydrogens in the desired product. CHN analysis of the product correlated well with the desired structure, especially when three molecules of water were factored into the calculation. It is unsurprising that this compound also contained water due to its porous nature. NH4OAc acetic acid(6eq.)Figure 13 The reaction scheme for the synthesis of 2.Another reaction designed based upon the ring condensation reaction was the synthesis of 4. This synthesis builds upon the diketone functionality as above, however, in this reaction the R groups of the diketone thenil were thiophene rings as opposed to the phenyl rings of benzil. Thenil like benzil was reacted with 1 and ammonium acetate in glacial acetic acid (figure 14). The yield for this compound, whilst better than 2, was still fairly low (46%). FT-IR showed the characteristic peaks such as CAr-H (3071cm-1), CAr=CAr (1643cm-1) and C=N (1607cm-1) indicating the target molecule had been synthesised. The 31P NMR showed a singlet at 8.26ppm a draw in indicating full substitution. The 1H NMR showed a singlet 12.91ppm with an integration of 6Hs representative of the 6 imidazole N-H hydrogens, it also showed multiplets in the aromatic region with an integration of 60 which was again exactly what was demand for the number of aromatic hydrogens, indicating the correct product had been synthesised. The CHN analysis was close to the theorectical values required especially when four water molecules were factored in, again this is unsurprising as this material like 2 is also expected to be porous. NH4OAc Acetic acid(6eq.)Figure 14 The reaction scheme for the synthesis of 4.Like thenil and benzil, pyridil is also a diketone where the two R groups are heterocycles, in this case the two heterocycles are pyridine rings. Pyridi l was used again with the classical Radziszewski based synthesis to synthesise the compound 5 (Figure 15). The yield for this compound was very low (15%) due to a lot of mass lost upon recrystallization and decomposition upon heating. The FT-IR showed the correct absorptions for the key functional groups such as C=N (1600cm-1) and P=N (1158cm-1) indicating that the target compound had been synthesised. However large OH absorption band (3349cm-1) was also present showing that the product contained a considerable amount of water or ethanol. CHN analysis of the compound showed a vast difference in carbon and nitrogen values when compared to the theoretical values indicating some impurities in the sample. The fact that the product contained considerable amounts answer would also skew the result of the CHN analysis somewhat. NH4OAc Acetic acid(6eq.)Figure 15 The reaction scheme for the synthesis of 5.2.1.1 Using Aldehydes for an alternative preparationThe estimate of using aldehydes s uch as pyridine carboxyaldehyde and benzaldehyde as opposed to the diketones used above was born when questioning on how we could stabilise the pores in the materials we wished to synthesise as large groups could be added to these aldehyde starting materials. An alternative synthesis of 2 using xii equivalents of benzaldehyde is illustrated in figure 16.The reaction was left to reflux for 7 days however the 31P NMR showed a multiplet indicating that full substitution had not occurred or a mix of products was present. Unfortunately, this was a reoccurring theme as the failed synthesis of 3 using twelve equivalents of pyridine carboxyaldehyde (figure 17) also showed a multiplet in the 31P NMR.Benzaldehyde (12 eq.)Figure 16 The reaction scheme for and alternative preparation of 2.Carboxyaldehyde (12 eq.)Figure 17 The reaction scheme for compound 3.2.2 oxidisation of Hexalophine and its derivativesThe oxidation of hexalophine is of great interest due to the potential properties it may possess, such as it possessing photochromic properties which may lead to light gated pores. For this oxidation an excess of potassium hydrated oxide was used to create the anion before 50 equivalents of the classical oxidising agent potassium ferrocyanide (III) were used to perform a one electron oxidation to the radical species 6, a yellow to orange colour change is associated with the formation of the radical species. This radical species quickly dimerises and an orange to yellow colour change is associated with this. Upon irradiation with UV light (365nm) the dimer opens to form two radicals, the colour change associated with this was yellow to purple displaying the photochromic behaviour of this compound (figure 18). The radical species is stable for a number of hours in the solid state unless gentle heating is applied which induces dimerization again and the colour change of purple to yellow is associated with this. FT-IR showed characteristic absorbances of CAr-H (2955cm- 1), C-N (1301cm-1) and P=N (1198cm-1) which are present in the desired product.The thiophene hexalophine derivative 4 was also oxidised using the same classical oxidation conditions as above to form its radical species 7. Upon separation the system formed 3 layers, an organic layer, an aqueous layer and a solid center of attention formed which was soluble in neither. Both the organic layer and solid substance were irradiated with UV light to test for photochromic properties however neither displayed a colour change and thus further testing of this material via UV/Vis spectroscopy is required to determine its nature.Figure 18 A RBF containing the hexalophine dimer and radical, the purple is the radical species, the yellow is the dimer species.3. Conclusions and further workThe aim of this project was to synthesise and characterise functionalised porous organics based upon hexalophine as well as to perform oxidations to the radical species and study their properties such as photochr omism. For the most part the aim of the project has been met as two derivatives of hexalophine (4 and 5) and hexalophine (2) itself have been synthesised from simple molecular building blocks and characterised using a range of spectroscopic techniques such as NMR, FT-IR and CHN analysis. The next step in the characterisation of these materials would be to gain crystal structures via x-ray crystallography to show the packing arrangement of these molecules and to prove the existence of pores with in the molecule created from the unique conformation of the phosphazene ring. Additionally, once crystal structures have been gained gas absorption test should be taken to test both the gas uptake properties and selectivity of certain gases. Yields for these tests were quite low and the aldehyde reactions did not demonstrate full substitution onto the ring, one possible solution would be to try the reaction in a Parr pressure reactor. The oxidation of hexalophine was carried out with great s uccess as the experiment demonstrated the proposed photochromic nature of the material, also the stability of this material with respect to air was very surprising. If possible crystal structures for this material should be obtained in order to investigate further the possibility of light gated pores which when the molecule is in the dimer form are closed but once in the radical form are open.4. observational details4.0 Ma